After the introduction of the first of its type personal calculator (abacus), efforts were made to make calculations more easy and efficient. For this purpose instead of letters, number systems were used to calculate. Firstly the set of number system with the bases 2 and 5 were used then after some time new number systems with their factors were used at different locations in different parts of the world. 

With the passage of time more improvements were made in the abacus and people tried to assemble a tool that could be carried anywhere with ease. For this purpose a rigid structure was used by the early civilizations. They added rods on the frame and divided the frame into two parts, giving each part a particular meaning.

The rods on the frame were facilitated with beads to calculate things by remembering the relation between the sets of things calculated.

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